Sociality - Revision history

Julian.garcia: /* Run the simulations */

2011-10-21T09:25:12Z

Run the simulations

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:25, 21 October 2011
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	Click on the link corresponding to the model you want to run, and ''choose download and double click, or just open with Java Runtime''. You should set the parameters and press the ''play button'' to start a run. If you want to change the parameters press stop, and then refresh so that new values can be introduced. Feel free to re-arrange the windows or zoom into the graphs.		Click on the link corresponding to the model you want to run, and ''choose download and double click, or just open with Java Runtime''. You should set the parameters and press the ''play button'' to start a run. If you want to change the parameters press stop, and then refresh so that new values can be introduced. Feel free to re-arrange the windows or zoom into the graphs.

-	* [http://~~staff~~.~~feweb~~.vu.nl/j.garcia/~~sociality~~/~~Limited~~.jar Start the Limited Nesting Sites model]	+	* [http://www.evolbio.mpg.de/~garcia/jars/LimitedOnlineVersion.jar Start the Limited Nesting Sites model]

-	* [http://~~staff~~.~~feweb~~.vu.nl/j.garcia/~~sociality~~/~~Global~~.jar Start the Global Density Dependence model]	+	* [http://www.evolbio.mpg.de/~garcia/jars/GlobalOnlineVersion.jar Start the Global Density Dependence model]

-	* [http://~~staff~~.~~feweb~~.vu.nl/j.garcia/~~sociality~~/~~Limited~~.jar Start the Constant Population Size model]	+	* [http://www.evolbio.mpg.de/~garcia/jars/ConstantOnlineVersion.jar Start the Constant Population Size model]

	= The genetic system =		= The genetic system =

Julian.garcia: /* Editorial Information */

2011-10-21T09:19:22Z

Editorial Information

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:19, 21 October 2011
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	= Editorial Information =		= Editorial Information =
-	[http://www1.fee.uva.nl/creed/people/veelen/index.shtml van Veelen, Matthijs], [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/sociality/ García Julián] and [http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/person/laviles Avilés Leticia]. '''It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality'''. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' 264(4) Pages 1240-1253.	+	[http://www1.fee.uva.nl/creed/people/veelen/index.shtml van Veelen, Matthijs], [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/sociality/ García Julián] and [http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/person/laviles Avilés Leticia]. '''It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality'''. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' 264(4) Pages 1240-1253. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.043 Download the article]
-		+
-	[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.043 Download the article]	+

	= Abstract =		= Abstract =

Julian.garcia: /* Editorial Information */

2011-10-21T09:19:05Z

Editorial Information

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:19, 21 October 2011
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	= Editorial Information =		= Editorial Information =
-	[http://www1.fee.uva.nl/creed/people/veelen/index.shtml van Veelen, Matthijs], [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/sociality/ García Julián] and [http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/person/laviles Avilés Leticia] ~~(in Press)~~. '''It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality'''. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology''.	+	[http://www1.fee.uva.nl/creed/people/veelen/index.shtml van Veelen, Matthijs], [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/sociality/ García Julián] and [http://www.zoology.ubc.ca/person/laviles Avilés Leticia]. '''It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality'''. ''Journal of Theoretical Biology'' 264(4) Pages 1240-1253.

	[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.043 Download the article]		[http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.043 Download the article]

Julian.garcia at 17:16, 4 October 2010

2010-10-04T17:16:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:16, 4 October 2010
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	[[Category:It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality]]		[[Category:It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality]]
-	The software we provide and describe here reimplements simulations first described in [http://www.pnas.org/content/99/22/14268.abstract Aviles 2002] using Java . Our simulation program also has alternative fitness functions and some additional features. If you have questions or require further information about this work or this tutorial please do email [mailto:j.~~garciaATfeweb~~.~~vu.nl~~ Julian Garcia], [mailto:c.m.veelenATuva.nl Matthijs van Veelen] or [mailto:lavilesATzoology.ubc.ca Leticia Avilés].	+	The software we provide and describe here reimplements simulations first described in [http://www.pnas.org/content/99/22/14268.abstract Aviles 2002] using Java . Our simulation program also has alternative fitness functions and some additional features. If you have questions or require further information about this work or this tutorial please do email [mailto:garciaATevolbio.mpg.de Julian Garcia], [mailto:c.m.veelenATuva.nl Matthijs van Veelen] or [mailto:lavilesATzoology.ubc.ca Leticia Avilés].

	= Editorial Information =		= Editorial Information =

Julian.garcia at 08:55, 29 April 2010

2010-04-29T08:55:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:55, 29 April 2010
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	[[Category:It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality]]		[[Category:It takes grouping and cooperation to get sociality]]
-	~~This page is under construction, in the meantime please go [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/j.garcia/sociality here].~~
-
	The software we provide and describe here reimplements simulations first described in [http://www.pnas.org/content/99/22/14268.abstract Aviles 2002] using Java . Our simulation program also has alternative fitness functions and some additional features. If you have questions or require further information about this work or this tutorial please do email [mailto:j.garciaATfeweb.vu.nl Julian Garcia], [mailto:c.m.veelenATuva.nl Matthijs van Veelen] or [mailto:lavilesATzoology.ubc.ca Leticia Avilés].		The software we provide and describe here reimplements simulations first described in [http://www.pnas.org/content/99/22/14268.abstract Aviles 2002] using Java . Our simulation program also has alternative fitness functions and some additional features. If you have questions or require further information about this work or this tutorial please do email [mailto:j.garciaATfeweb.vu.nl Julian Garcia], [mailto:c.m.veelenATuva.nl Matthijs van Veelen] or [mailto:lavilesATzoology.ubc.ca Leticia Avilés].

Julian.garcia: /* Run the simulations */

2010-04-28T15:46:13Z

Run the simulations

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:46, 28 April 2010
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	= Run the simulations =		= Run the simulations =
		+
		+	Click on the link corresponding to the model you want to run, and ''choose download and double click, or just open with Java Runtime''. You should set the parameters and press the ''play button'' to start a run. If you want to change the parameters press stop, and then refresh so that new values can be introduced. Feel free to re-arrange the windows or zoom into the graphs.
		+
		+	* [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/j.garcia/sociality/Limited.jar Start the Limited Nesting Sites model]
		+
		+	* [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/j.garcia/sociality/Global.jar Start the Global Density Dependence model]
		+
		+	* [http://staff.feweb.vu.nl/j.garcia/sociality/Limited.jar Start the Constant Population Size model]

	= The genetic system =		= The genetic system =

Julian.garcia: /* Equlibrium values for different models */

2010-04-28T15:43:39Z

Equlibrium values for different models

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 28 April 2010
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	=== Equlibrium values for different models ===		=== Equlibrium values for different models ===
		+	The figures below compare equilibrium values for a Limited Nesting Sites simulation (''first figure'') and a Global Density Dependence simulation (''second figure''). Equilibrium values are shifted to the right in the Global density dependence as a result of moving optimal targets. For further details see the paper.

	[[File:LimitedNestingEquilibriaSociality.png\|center\|thumb\|450px\|Limited nesting sites. Function G.]]		[[File:LimitedNestingEquilibriaSociality.png\|center\|thumb\|450px\|Limited nesting sites. Function G.]]
	[[File:GlobalDensityEquilibriaSociality.png\|center\|thumb\|450px\|Global density dependence. Function G. R equals 1.]]		[[File:GlobalDensityEquilibriaSociality.png\|center\|thumb\|450px\|Global density dependence. Function G. R equals 1.]]
-	The figures above compare equilibrium values for a Limited Nesting Sites simulation (first figure) and a Global Density Dependence simulation (second figure). Equilibrium values are shifted to the right in the Global density dependence as a result of moving optimal targets. For further details see the paper.

Julian.garcia: /* Equlibrium values for different models */

2010-04-28T15:42:55Z

Equlibrium values for different models

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:42, 28 April 2010
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	=== Equlibrium values for different models ===		=== Equlibrium values for different models ===

-		+	[[File:LimitedNestingEquilibriaSociality.png\|center\|thumb\|450px\|Limited nesting sites. Function G.]]
-		+	[[File:GlobalDensityEquilibriaSociality.png\|center\|thumb\|450px\|Global density dependence. Function G. R equals 1.]]
	The figures above compare equilibrium values for a Limited Nesting Sites simulation (first figure) and a Global Density Dependence simulation (second figure). Equilibrium values are shifted to the right in the Global density dependence as a result of moving optimal targets. For further details see the paper.		The figures above compare equilibrium values for a Limited Nesting Sites simulation (first figure) and a Global Density Dependence simulation (second figure). Equilibrium values are shifted to the right in the Global density dependence as a result of moving optimal targets. For further details see the paper.

Julian.garcia: /* Global population control: Limited nesting sites, global density dependence and limited total population */

2010-04-28T15:39:06Z

Global population control: Limited nesting sites, global density dependence and limited total population

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 28 April 2010
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	== Global population control: Limited nesting sites, global density dependence and limited total population ==		== Global population control: Limited nesting sites, global density dependence and limited total population ==
		+
		+	The ecology can put a limit on the growth of the overall population in different ways. One can assume that there is only a limited number of nesting sites. In Avilés et al. ([http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/324792 2002], [http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/422263 2004]) this is implemented by choosing a fixed number of sites, and assuming that the flow from the global pool towards the groups stops as soon as the last nesting site has been occupied by one individual. The Limited Nesting Sites version in this program also does exactly that. If the user however unchecks the Limited Season option, then the flow from the population pool does not stop when the last nesting site is occupied, but goes on until the global pool is empty. Because individuals that do not get admitted to any of the groups are discarded, this implies that selective pressure for higher grouping tendencies is increased. The possibility of not being admitted at all therefore heavily distorts the link between grouping tendency and how that brings the expected group size closer to the optimal group size; not getting into a group at all will always be (much) worse than making it into a group that has a suboptimal size. Grouping tendencies and group size will therefore explode.
		+
		+	One can also assume that the global density negatively affects individual fitnesses. In the Global Density Dependence version of the simulation model, as in Avilés et al. (2002, 2004), the local per capita growth function (in our case: <math>f_i</math>,<math>g_i</math> or <math>h_i</math>) is multiplied by a factor
		+
		+	<center>
		+	<math>
		+	e^{-w\left( N-n\right) }
		+	</math>
		+	</center>
		+
		+	where <math>w</math> is a global negative density-dependence parameter, inversely proportional to a global carrying capacity, and <math>N</math> is the total number of individuals in the global population.
		+
		+	A third option is to assume that every generation, the global pool is reduced to a fixed number of individuals before they leave in order to form groups. This option (Fixed Population Size) is similar to the Limited Nesting Sites; the difference is that with the Limited Nesting Sites, the number of groups is fixed, and the total population size is a random variable, with a very moderate variance, while with a Fixed Population Size, the total population size is fixed, and the number of groups is a random variable, with a very moderate variance. The average group size will be a random variable for both cases, and will be pretty comparable.
		+
		+	The most important distinctive feature of the global density dependence version is that, in combination with particular choices of the parameters, this model can allow for cyclical or chaotic behaviour of the size of the total population. Group sizes will cycle along, and this implies that the optimal grouping and cooperative tendencies become moving targets; if the overall size of the population is large, then low grouping and cooperative tendencies can do relatively well, but the next period the overall population size might already be very small, implying that high grouping and cooperative tendencies do better.
		+
		+	=== Equlibrium values for different models ===
		+
		+
		+
		+	The figures above compare equilibrium values for a Limited Nesting Sites simulation (first figure) and a Global Density Dependence simulation (second figure). Equilibrium values are shifted to the right in the Global density dependence as a result of moving optimal targets. For further details see the paper.

Julian.garcia: /* From the groups to the global pool */

2010-04-28T15:33:07Z

From the groups to the global pool

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:33, 28 April 2010
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	== From the groups to the global pool ==		== From the groups to the global pool ==
		+	Within the group, a hump-shaped function will determine the expected number of offspring that an individual contributes to the global pool. In the program, we coded three such functions, called <math>f_i</math>, <math>g_i</math> and <math>h_i</math> respectively. The expected number of offspring of individual <math>i</math> with cooperativeness <math>\gamma_i</math>, in a group with <math>n</math> individuals in it and average cooperativeness <math>\overline{\gamma}</math> is then
		+
		+
		+	<center>
		+	<math>f_{i}\left(n,\overline{\gamma },\gamma _{i}\right) =e^{r}e^{-cn}n^{\overline{\gamma}}\left(1+\beta\left(\overline{\gamma}-\gamma_{i}\right)\right)</math>
		+
		+
		+	<math>g_{i}\left(n,\overline{\gamma },\gamma _{i}\right)=e^{r}e^{-cn}\left( 1+n\overline{\gamma}\right) \left( 1+\beta \left(\overline{\gamma }-\gamma_{i}\right) \right)</math>
		+
		+
		+	<math>h_{i}\left( n,\overline{\gamma },\gamma _{i}\right)=e^{r}e^{-cn}n\overline{\gamma }\left( 1+\beta \left( \overline{\gamma }-\gamma _{i}\right)\right)</math>
		+	</center>
		+
		+	where <math>r</math> is an intrinsic rate of growth parameter, <math>c</math> is a local negative density-dependent parameter inversely proportional to a group carrying capacity, and <math>\beta</math> determines the cost of cooperation. The functions <math>g_i</math> and <math>h_i</math> can be seen as special cases of a function
		+
		+	<center>
		+	<math>e^{r}e^{-cn}\left( \alpha +n\overline{\gamma }\right) \left(1+\beta \left(\overline{\gamma }-\gamma _{i}\right) \right) </math>,
		+	</center>
		+	with <math>\alpha</math> determining the relative importance of cooperation.
		+
		+	The default initialization of the population is one where all individuals have grouping tendency ''0'' and cooperative tendency ''0''. For <math>f_i</math> and <math>h_i</math>, not too low choices for <math>r</math> can guarantee that the population will not go extinct from that initial population. For <math>g_i</math>, that will be different; when <math>\gamma = 0</math>, <math>g_i(n,\gamma,\gamma_i)</math> will be <math>0</math> too, and the population will go extinct. One can however initialize the population with higher values of grouping and cooperative tendencies, by choosing positive probabilities with which alleles in the initial population will be a <math>1</math> instead of a <math>0</math>.

	== Global population control: Limited nesting sites, global density dependence and limited total population ==		== Global population control: Limited nesting sites, global density dependence and limited total population ==